Bahasa Inggris 2

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Posts Tagged 'TEFL'

ELT, and restlessness History I

During college, a friend never confide in English related subjects who attended to me. He is a university with me, just different faculties; I diFKIP, he was in FE. He told me that his professor at the time a lot more to talk about grammar, with a mixed class in the hall, to the 100-student, and exam (according to him) the difficulty for mercy.

The back story comrades crossed my mind when some of this week to spend a lot of time to read and make a summary of the history of English language teaching (English Language Teaching, shortened ELT). This history chronicles the development of ELT around the world, through the books HH Stern, and in Indonesia, through Prof. article. Eugene Sadtono, Ph.D.. Both make me restless and, a little very pessimistic.

How could I not, at the international level, the teaching of English language itself is much more failure than success. Such revolutionary methods Methoddan Direct Audio-Lingual Method was, despite massive influence around the world, has failed in achieving teaching effectiveness.

In Indonesia, even called Prof. ELT. Sadtono as "flogging a dead horse"; waste of time and effort alone. He stated, that any method, TEFL in formal schools in Indonesia will not be successful, because the method is only one aspect of the many other factors that it is not taken care of properly.

Under the Dutch, English, like other European languages, the language of the elite who only taught in schools upscale. A small portion of native residents are fortunate to be able to learn it. In the Japanese era, alas, forbidden to teach English! After independence, ELT started running, with the intervention of the U.S. and British aid, and the ruling regime, and English are considered pro-capitalism, again banned.

New Order, ELT re-developed. Unfortunately, billions of dollars from the west, such as the World Bank and UNDP, managed, sorry, haphazard, as did the education fund at that time even until now (?). The result, so as we have seen together. Problem geographic, demographic, social and cultural, have been firmly rooted as a barrier to teaching. This coupled with the new order of the corrupt bureaucracy and centralized. ELT in Indonesia, sorry to say, fails miserably.

Another thorny issue of HR. In 80/90-an era, represented by Iwan Fals, Oemar Bakrie, there are stereotypes associated painful teaching profession: a small salary, not bona fide, the future bleak. Parents unwilling child to be a teacher, be cool to be a doctor or an engineer then? Teachers' Training College was quiet enthusiasts. Live 'stock the rest', * rude * Ko .. mostly from villages, who wants to be a teacher. Well, the English teacher, actually quite a lot of people targeted. But wait, for what?

In the past, when joined SNCA, 2000, allotted 30 seats are available for English Language Education Program at my college's 500 contested by prospective students. The ratio of this extraordinary, when it is only outdone by the Faculty of Medicine. The question is then, why? As it turns out, a lecture in English Department, as we call it, it enables graduates to work OUTSIDE PROFESSIONAL TEACHER! They could be a bank clerk, translator, coal and oil company employees, consultants, and a variety of other well-established life dreams. I am one of those who are tempted to dream, when it.

Be back, just 'leftover stock' is placed in the position of teacher, teaching with modest competence, with a modest salary as well. No wonder if the success of ELT in formal schools was very low! What can be expected from an English class 4 hours a week, with 40s noisy students, incompetent teachers are not happy at the same time, and again, a curriculum that does not pay attention to students' socio-cultural factors?

So was, if anything they are fluent in English, proficient cas-cis-cus, or neatly written, like the bloggers who I admire often when I write eNggris; Teacher's call it, Masbro Sora, or Pito Ma'am, I am sure, it is not merely the skills they gain from attending school. Please be clarified, but, if students had mastered the English language, it's usually because of the persistence of the child's parents also financial sacrifice; either because the child does prodigi, had a tremendous interest in, or participate in the famous course.

However, optimism must have to keep sowing. I believe, one day at school ELT will be much more successful than it is now. The development of Information Technology, for example, can greatly assist teachers in preparing the device and the media, as long as the teacher want to try. Government programs such as teacher certification, national standards and RSBI schools, SBC, and so on, although not free from criticism here and there, at least also can make the teaching profession again ogled. And hopefully there will be more people good, competent, and happy, who want to be teachers, especially English teachers.

Sumber :https://amed.wordpress.com/2011/03/19/elt-sejarah-dan-keresahan-saya/

Bahasa inggris Bisnis 2

Tugas ke 1

Understanding TOEFL and TOEIC

When driving around in cyberspace, aka blog-walk, I found this article Pakuan LIA. From there I get a little understanding of the difference TOEFL and TOEIC, which I thought the same.

On that page is written:

TOEFL Prediction Test (EPT: English Proficiency Test)

EPT is a test that has been developed by LBPP-LIA to measure English language skills using standards similar measurements TOEFL test. This test is intended to provide predictions that are close to the actual TOEFL.

Prediction TOEIC Test (BET: Business English Test)

BET is also a predictive test which uses the standards of measurement capabilities similar to the TOEIC test. The result is also a prediction that approaches the actual TOEIC.

Language Competency Test standard DIKNAS (TUK-BIG: English Competency Testing)

Tests which is a collaboration with the LSK-BIG (English Language Competency Certification Institute) offers English language proficiency test results certified by DIKNAS (Ministry of Education).

Why? Explanation of why not is called the difference huh? Yeah, all right.

If from the stands for:

·         TOEFL: Test of English as Foreign Language

·         TOEIC: Test of English for International Communication

I know, it benar2 TOEFL complicated, particularly "heavy" in terms of sentence structure and grammar. For TOEIC, I assess it easier and simpler, because it uses words and vocabularies are used everyday. So my own conclusions, such as the name of the test that was chosen by the LIA: English Proficiency Test. In Indonesian, English Proficiency Tests. For the so-called Business English TOEIC Test. In Indonesian, English Test for Business.

Of the range of values, as the picture I've got a score of 520 for TOEFL and 810 for TOEIC. That is, the greater the range of TOEIC scores.

For usability, perusahaan2 in Indonesia (including civil servants and SOE) require TOEFL. But "do not coba2" ORIGINAL find that TOEFL certificate, going dizzy ente. The requirement is that the certificate which is issued by the English Government Recognized reply. If TOEIC, I have a certificate that is issued by ETS ORIGINAL. This certificate I got from my campus, UB. For those who are still desperate general kepengen got this certificate, I can contact the campus (first building on UB Business Incubator, next to Malang Town Square, the District of Malang - East Java).

A little extra Opinion, I would encourage people to switch to the TOEIC Indonesia (or standard test that the new Department of Education). Why? Excuse me, TOEFL is very complicated, as complicated secondary education curriculum in Indonesia (hehehe ...). Because of the complexity, may I suggest you to berakrab fun with Miss Blue Betty: Grammar books that speak English Dictionary thick. I also read reservations TOEFL score> 600 for employees of the Ministry of Commerce, hmmm ... Though it jelas2 the world of business well. In my heart, just know little problem already put on ...

When my writing is confusing (or intimidating), I recommend to read this: His name Is this the TOEFL.

I am well aware if the event is being held in Kompasiana "Language Month". Writing this I have no intention other than just sharing.

Sumber:http://bahasa.kompasiana.com/2012/09/04/pengertian-toefl-dan-toeic-484154.html

working at Jakarta Fair 2012

As humans , we are definitely going to need the name of money . And we must work to obtain them . And here I want to tell you about my experience when working a full month at Jakarta Fair 2012.
Started when I was off course in the second semester , I intend to utilize my time to be more beneficial and I chose to work in order to earn more money . And I was invited to work at an annual event the city is Jakarta fair . Without thinking again I immediately put my application in event organizer and I got a call for an interview . I applied for a job at a fast food product which is quite famous . And I also ended up working there for a month
At the beginning - the beginning of my work was very excited because I got a new friend and can work in places of entertainment . Day after day I enjoy and I was finally starting to get bored with the job . Because every day I have to get up early and go home late at night without any holidays. I almost decided to quit , but I have the intention to cancel because of the support from my friends .
Finally finished my work for a full month . I am happy and feel happy that I have finished but also sad to be parting with my friends very well .

vacation in thousand islands

At semester break yesterday , I was with my friends on vacation at the beach and intend bersnorkling to unwind . After thinking about the tourist places in Jakarta and surrounding areas , we finally decided to vacation in the thousand islands . And the island we were headed was pramuka island
We chose it because there close to the spot for snorkeling . We also find out that there are specialty lodging so that we can reserve in advance .
Today we 've been waiting for had arrived and we were getting ready to go from where we were at 5am straight to the mouth of Angke to take a boat that will take us to the destination . After traveling for 3 hours on the boat , we finally arrived at their destination . Without wasting time we went straight to our accommodation which was not far from the pier .
After our short rest , we went straight to the beach to play around and mengabadikanya in the form of photographs . We were on the island for 3 days 2 nights and there we do a lot of activities like playing games on the beaches are still clean .
We all felt satisfied thousand islands holidays and want to get back there again . Holiday we will never forget in our lives .

fallin in love to Liverpool FC

       since childhood, I've liked football and I really like watching the game every weekend. and on a day when there is a match of the Champions League final between AC Milan against liverpool fc. I was excited to watch and support both teams. at that time, ac milan straight ahead in the early minutes. and in the first half 3-0 lead
      but the evening became a historic night for the football world because liverpool fc can reverse the situation and win the game with a shootout pinalty.
        and the day was also instantly made me fall in love with the liverpool fc due to the determination and spirit of the players. team that is considered weak but could shake the world with the spirit.
until now, i still love liverpool fc ang it's never end
YOU'LL NEVER WALK ALONE

Tugas Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2

Key Structures

Word Order in Compound Statements

a.       Do you remember the six parts of a simple statement? Refer to KS 13c if you have forgotten them.

b.      We can join simple statements together to make compound statements. Here are some of the joining words we use: and, but, so, yet, both . . . and, either . . . or, neither . . . nor, not only . . . but . . . as well (or also).

Study these sentences carefully. Pay close attention to the way they have been joined :

He finished lunch. He went into the garden.

He finished lunch and went into the garden.

I ran to the station. I missed the rain.

I ran to the station but missed the rain.

I saw him yesterday. He did not greet me.

I saw him yesterday but he did not greet me.

He teaches English. I teach English.

Both he and I teach English.

He teaches English. He teaches French.

He teaches both English and French.

You must tell him. I must tell him.

Either you or I must tell him.

He plays soccer. He plays rugby.

He plays either soccer or rugby.

He dose not speak English. I do not speak English.

Neither he nor I speak English.

He does nor speak English. He does not speak French.

He speaks neither English not French.

He cannot read. He cannot write.

He can neither read not write.

You must wash the dishes. You must sweep the floor.

You must not only wash the dishes but sweep the floor as well.

PRACTICE AND PROGRESS

L. G. ALEXANDER

1975

Manajemen Strategik

Manajemen Strategik

Pengertian Manajemen

Istilah manajemen berasal dari kata management (bahasa Inggris), turunan dari kata “ to manage” yang artinya mengurus atau tata laksana atau ketata laksanaan. Sehingga manajemen dapat diartikan bagaimana cara manajer (orangnya) mengatur, membimbing dan memimpin semua orang yang menjadi pembantunya agar usaha yang sedang digarap dapat mencapai tujuan yang telah ditetapkan sebelumnya.

Pengertian Manajemen menurut beberapa ahli yaitu :

1. Menurut James A.F Stoner, Manajemen adalah suatu proses perencanaan, pengorganisasian, kepemimpinan, dan pengendalian upaya dari anggota organisasi serta penggunaan sumua sumber daya yang ada pada organisasi untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi yang telah ditetapkan sebelumnya.

2. Menurut Mary Parker Follet, Manajemen adalah suatu seni, karena untuk melakukan suatu pekerjaan melalui orang lain dibutuhkan keterampilan khusus.

3. Menurut Drs. Oey Liang Lee, Manajemen adalah seni dan ilmu perencanaan pengorganisasian,penyusunan,pengarahan dan pengawasan daripada sumberdaya manusia untuk mencapai tujuan yang telah ditetapkan.

4. Menurut R. Terry, Manajemen merupakan suatu proses khas yang terdiri dari tindakan-tindakan perencanaan, pengorganisasian, penggerakan dan pengendalian yang dilakukan untuk menentukan serta mencapai sasaran yang telah ditentukan melalui pemanfaatan sumberdaya manusia dan sumberdaya lainnya.

5. Menurut Lawrence A. Appley, Manajemen adalah seni pencapaian tujuan yang dilakukan melalui usaha orang lain

6. Menurut Horold Koontz dan Cyril O’donnel, Manajemen adalah usaha untuk mencapai suatu tujuan tertentu melalui kegiatan orang lain.

Sebenarnya ada banyak versi mengenai definisi manajemen, namun demikian pengertian manajemen itu sendiri secara umum yang bisa kita jadikan pegangan adalah “Manajemen adalah suatu proses yang terdiri dari rangkaian kegiatan, seperti perencanaan, pengorganisasian, penggerakan dan pengendalian atau pengawasan, yang dilakukan untuk menentukan dan mencapai tujuan yang telah ditetapkan melalui pemanfaatan sumberdaya manusia dan sumberdaya lainnya”.

Pengertian Strategik

Strategi adalah rencana jangka panjang dengan diikuti tindakan-tindakan yang ditujukan untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu, yang umumnya adalah “kemenangan”.

Asal kata “strategi” adalah turunan dari kata dalam bahasa Yunani, strategos.

Pengertian strategi menurut Glueck dan Jauch adalah Rencana yang disatukan, luas dan berintegrasi yang menghubungkan keunggulan strategis perusahaan dengan tantangan lingkungan, yang dirancang untuk memastikan bahwa tujuan utama dari perusahaan dapat dicapai melalui pelaksanaan yang tepat oleh organisasi.

Pengertian strategi secara umum dan khusus sebagai berikut :

Pengertian Umum

Strategi adalah proses penentuan rencana para pemimpin puncak yang berfokus pada tujuan jangka panjang organisasi, disertai penyusunan suatu cara atau upaya bagaimana agar tujuan tersebut dapat dicapai.

Pengertian Khusus

Strategi merupakan tindakan yang bersifat incremental (senantiasa meningkat) dan terus-menerus, serta dilakukan berdasarkan sudut pandang tentang apa yang diharapkan oleh para pelanggan di masa depan. Dengan demikian, strategi hampir selalu dimulai dari apa yang dapat terjadi dan bukan dimulai dari apa yang terjadi. Terjadinya kecepatan inovasi pasar yang baru dan perubahan pola konsumen memerlukan kompetensi inti (core competencies). Perusahaan perlu mencari kompetensi inti di dalam bisnis yang dilakukan.

Pengertian Manajemen Strategik

Manajemen strategis merupakan proses atau rangkaian kegiatan pengambilan keputusan yang bersifat mendasar dan menyeluruh, disertai penetapan cara melaksanakannya, yang dibuat oleh pimpinan dan diimplementasikan oleh seluruh jajaran di dalam suatu organisasi, untuk mencapai tujuan.

Pengertian Manajemen Strategik menurut beberapa ahli yaitu :

1.      Menurut Pearch dan Robinson (1997) dikatakan bahwa manajemen strategik adalah kumpulan dan tindakan yang menghasilkan perumusan (formulasi) dan pelaksanaan (implementasi) rencana-rencana yang dirancang untuk mencapai sasaran-sasaran organisasi.

2.      Menurut Nawawi adalah perencanaan berskala besar (disebut perencanaan strategi) yang berorientasi pada jangkauan masa depan yang jauh (disebut visi), dan ditetapkan sebagai keputusan pimpinan tertinggi (keputusan yang bersifat mendasar dan prinsipil), agar memungkinkan organisasi berinteraksi secara efektif (disebut misi), dalam usaha menghasilkan sesuatu (perencanaan operaional untuk menghasilkan barang dan atau jasa serta pelayanan) yang berkualitas, dengan diarahkan pada optimalisasi pencapaian tujuan (disebut strategis) dan berbagai sasaran (tujuan operasional) organsasi.

Dari pengertian-pengertian yang cukup luas tersebut menunjukkan bahwa manajemen strategik merupakan suatu sistem yang sebagai satu kesatuan memiliki berbagai komponen yang saling berhubungan dan saling mempengaruhi dan bergerak secara serentak (bersama-sama) kearah yang sama pula.

Kemampuan hardskill dan softkill apa saja yang harus di perlukan oleh seorang manajer ?

Manajer memiliki peran yang penting dalam meningkatkan kepuasan dan komitmen karyawan. Para manajer dituntut untuk bisa membantu karyawan memahami strategi organisasi secara keseluruhan dan bagaimana pekerjaan mereka mempengaruhi keberhasilan perusahaan. Para manajer juga harus memastikan pimpinan senior mengambil tindakan yang perlu berdasarkan umpan balik dari karyawan untuk memastikan perusahaan tetap kompetitif.

Adapun keterampilan yang harus dimiliki oleh seorang manajer, yakni :

1. Ketrampilan konseptual (conceptional skill)

Manajer tingkat atas (top manager) harus memiliki keterampilan untuk membuat konsep, ide, dan gagasan demi kemajuan organisasi. Gagasan atau ide serta konsep tersebut kemudian haruslah dijabarkan menjadi suatu rencana kegiatan untuk mewujudkan gagasan atau konsepnya itu. Proses penjabaran ide menjadi suatu rencana kerja yang kongkret itu biasanya disebut sebagai proses perencanaan atau planning. Oleh karena itu, keterampilan konsepsional juga merupakan keterampilan untuk membuat rencana kerja.

2. Keterampilan berhubungan dengan orang lain (humanity skill)

Manajer juga perlu dilengkapi dengan keterampilan berkomunikasi atau keterampilan berhubungan dengan orang lain, yang disebut juga keterampilan kemanusiaan. Komunikasi yang persuasif harus selalu diciptakan oleh manajer terhadap bawahan yang dipimpinnya. Dengan komunikasi yang persuasif, bersahabat, dan kebapakan akan membuat karyawan merasa dihargai dan kemudian mereka akan bersikap terbuka kepada atasan. Keterampilan berkomunikasi diperlukan, baik pada tingkatan manajemen atas, menengah, maupun bawah.

3. Keterampilan teknis (technical skill)

Keterampilan ini pada umumnya merupakan bekal bagi manajer pada tingkat yang lebih rendah. Keterampilan teknis ini merupakan kemampuan untuk menjalankan suatu pekerjaan tertentu, misalnya menggunakan program komputer, memperbaiki mesin, membuat kursi, akuntansi dan lain-lain.

Selain tiga keterampilan dasar di atas, Ricky W. Griffin menambahkan dua keterampilan dasar yang perlu dimiliki manajer, yaitu:

1. Keterampilan manajemen waktu

Merupakan keterampilan yang merujuk pada kemampuan seorang manajer untuk menggunakan waktu yang dimilikinya secara bijaksana.

2. Keterampilan membuat keputusan

Merupakan kemampuan untuk mendefinisikan masalah dan menentukan cara terbaik dalam memecahkannya. Kemampuan membuat keputusan adalah yang paling utama bagi seorang manajer, terutama bagi kelompok manajer atas (top manager).

Griffin mengajukan tiga langkah dalam pembuatan keputusan. Pertama, seorang manajer harus mendefinisikan masalah dan mencari berbagai alternatif yang dapat diambil untuk menyelesaikannya. Kedua, manajer harus mengevaluasi setiap alternatif yang ada dan memilih sebuah alternatif yang dianggap paling baik. Dan terakhir, manajer harus mengimplementasikan alternatif yang telah ia pilih serta mengawasi dan mengevaluasinya agar tetap berada di jalur yang benar.

Berikut yang dapat saya simpulkan, kemampuan hardskill dan softskill yang diperlukan oleh seorang manajer, adalah :

Hardskill : mempunyai kemampuan dalam menganalisis dan menggunakan berbagai alat yang ada, seperti komputer.

Softskill : mempunyai kemampuan dalam suatu organisasi dalam memanage para karyawan

Sumber :

http://tugasmagic.wordpress.com/category/manajemen-strategik/pengertian-manajemen-strategik-manajemen-strategik/